Gel Electrophoresis Separating DNA and RNA - 848 Words

Gel electrophoresis is a procedure used in laboratories to separate DNA, as well as RNA and proteins. A gel slab is placed in a buffer-filled box and an electrical field is applied. The negatively charged DNA will migrate towards the positively charged side, where it can then be recorded and further analyzed. An example for the use of gel electrophoresis would be in identifying people. DNA is present in almost every cell of our body. Each person has a unique sequence of DNA base pairs that makes up our DNA fingerprint. A DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person. According to Dalya Rosner on the Naked Scientists website, DNA fingerprinting is a technique for determining the likelihood that genetic†¦show more content†¦The more agarose that is used and dissolved, the firmer the gel will be. Typical concentrations used are between 0.3% to 2% (Buckingham, 2012). The concentration depends on the type of analysis needed. A higher concentration of ag arose, making a stiffer gel, would be used to detect smaller DNA fragments (100-3000 bp) while a lower concentration would be used for larger fragments (5000-60,000 bp). For pieces 50,000 bp and over, pulsed field electrophoresis is used where an alternating current is applied (Buckingham, 2012). A gel comb is placed into one side of the gel mold to create holes (wells) in the gel. The gel will need to cool and solidify, about an hour. The comb is then removed, which leaves the empty wells in the gel. Buffer is poured into the electrophoresis box, usually a horizontal acrylic container. The gel, still in the mold, is placed into the buffer inside the box. The gel is slightly submerged in the buffer which will conduct the electrical current in the gel. With a micropipette and a new pipet tip, a loading buffer, which increases the density of the sample, is added to the DNA sample in a tube. The DNA sample is colorless, so a tracking dye, such as bromophenol blue or xylene cyanol is u sed to visually track the DNA movement. The dye migrates at a specific speed similar to the DNA. The sample is then transferred into the first well in the gel. With a new cleanShow MoreRelatedCrime Scenes: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary to be able to identify DNA. Most of the time, this is done using a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, along with proteins. Gel electrophoresis is significant because it has given scientists insight on what cells cause certain diseases and has led to advancements in DNA and fingerprint identification. My experiment will use gel electrophoresis to compare the separation ofRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Dna Fingerprinting1019 Words   |  5 PagesDNA fingerprinting is a scientific technology involving the extraction, replication and arrangement of strands of an organism’s DNA. This results in the formation of a genetically distinctive fingerprint that is unique to the organism which the DNA sample was originally extracted from. Because of the specificity of a DNA fingerprint, the application of this technology can have a substantial influence on many aspects of society. Accessibility to a DNA database allows for higher efficiency in forensicRead MoreLab Report : Bacillus Subtilus Using A Polymerase Chain Reaction1903 Words   |  8 Pagescodes for the ÃŽ ±-amylase enzyme is called the ÃŽ ±-amylase gene. In order to obtain the genomic DNA from B.subtilus, or any other organism, the DNA must first be isolated and purified. In order to purify and isolate DNA effectively, the following steps must occur: â€Å"disruption of cells or tissue; denaturation of nucleoprotein complexes; inactivation of nucleases, for example, RNase for RNA extraction and DNase for DNA extraction; away from contamination† (Beow et al., 2009). Three enzymes were used to achieveRead More9. Transposable elements are sequences of DNA that are moved from one certain location from the800 Words   |  4 Pages9. Transposable elements are sequences of DNA that are moved from one certain location from the genome to another. Transposons move inside a genome by the means of a DNA intermediate, while retro-transposons move through a genome by an RNA intermediate. Transposons move by a â€Å"cut and paste† technique, which is literally when the element is removed from its original site and inserts it in ano ther location. It can also undergo a â€Å"copy and paste† technique, which is when the transposon will leave aRead MoreBiotechnology Research Paper1794 Words   |  7 Pagesfermentation. This was mostly used for food preservation and alcoholic beverages. Although that technology is stilled used, it as been integrated with the recombinant DNA technology, allowing for a more specialized approach therefore widening the range of products the technology can be used for. With the addition of recombinant DNA technology scientists have been able to manufacture human insulin, the hepatitis B vaccine, the calf enzyme used in cheese- making, biodegradable plastics, and laundryRead MoreTandem Repeats Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesparents. Short tandem repeats (STR) is a term that describes any short, repeating DNA sequence. Since different people have different number of repeat units, these regions of DNA can be used to discriminate between individuals. The more STR regions that are tested in an individual, the more discriminating the test becomes. DNA fingerprint is based on the theory of finger prints which was discovered in India in 1897. A DNA fingerprint signifies characteristic patterns of pieces of genetic material forRead MoreAudiovisual Exercise On Cdna Cloning And Characterization2293 Words   |  10 PagesFor instance we could make a genomic library. This relies on the same principles of a cDNA library but instead of a selected mRNA strand being converted into the DNA to be inserted in the vector, we will fragment the whole genome of the eukaryote and insert these fragments into vectors. This method of cloning mean that a lot of other DNA is also copied but we are still able to generate ways of selecting the genes we are looking for by engineering selection markers relating to the gene. One methodRead MoreThe General Properties Of Restriction Enzymes Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesRestriction enzymes and their use in recombinant DNA. Restriction enzymes are also known as restriction endonucleases, which recognise and cut a specific sequence of double-stranded DNA at that recognition sites. These enzymes protect the bacteria from foreign DNA (e.g. bacteriophages; Lamda phage), by digesting them into smaller pieces. The restrictive host protects its own DNA by a modification involving methylation of certain bases within DNA which constitute the recognition sequences for theRead MoreBiology Essay3361 Words   |  14 PagesBiology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initiallyRead MoreRecombinant Dna Technology As An Environment For Separation1949 Words   |  8 PagesRecombinant DNA technology is genetic engineering process for forming a new gene. The gene required is taken from the donor and joined with the carrier gene which is then inserted into the vector. This method is used to create a vector containing gene from Bacteria sp Yp1 and Esterobacter asburae YT1, which are then inserted to egg through microinjection. Microinjection is a process where screw held syringe is loaded with required DNA or RNA and inserted to animal cell. By this technique the cloned

Police Brutality And Corruption The Police - 943 Words

Police Brutality and Corruption The police are meant to serve and protect us. They are seen as heroes in our community. So it can be quite shocking and hard to believe that police brutality is a real problem. It is getting worse every day, and it must be fixed. The police have become too comfortable, and think they can do anything they please in the name of justice. It is our job as the community to remind them that they must follow a set of rules themselves. Sooner or later they will be controlling us with fear. The whole system needs to be changed since policemen are turning into the enforcers and not the protectors. Racism is a huge factor why policemen use excessive force.â€Å"A big majority of people who are killed are Latinos and Black people, while the police officers are mostly White, it’s a badge of honor to shoot gang members so [the police] go out and shoot people who look like gang members,† said Mike Prysner, one of the local directors of the Los Angeles c hapter for ANSWER — an advocacy group that asks the public to Act Now to Stop War and End Racism. Since it s always the minorities who face police brutality, our government turns a blind eye to it. â€Å"43% of the shootings occurred after an incident of racial profiling. This means police saw a person who looked, or behaved suspiciously. Largely, because of their skin color and attempted to detain the suspect before killing them.† this was found out by Malcolm X Grassroots Movement, which is a activist organizationShow MoreRelatedEssay on Police Brutality and Corruption681 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality and Corruption Corruption in policing is viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill his/her personal needs or wants. There are two distinct elements of corruption; 1) misuse of authority, 2) personal attainment. The occupational subculture of policing is a major factor in both creating police corruption, by initiating officers into corrupt activities, and sustaining it, by covering up corrupt activities by other officers. 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While police brutality may seem only rampant in the United States, it effects Russians equally. The question is why are the police in these two countries so powerful that they can go against their dutyRead MoreA Brief Note On Police Brutality And Corruption2037 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish Argument Paper Police Brutality and corruption is and injustice often overlooked everyday in the united states of america. Although a majority of police are just, too many and are not. The most disturbing part aspect is that most cops across the nation get away with doing these sick things to the public that they serve and protect some people may ask just how many are corrupt? The survey by the department Bureau of justice statistics found 26,556 cases of excess police force in just 2002.Read MorePolice Ethics and Deviance1125 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Ethics and Deviance Ethics and the police is a subject that most people are interested in. When people use the words ethics and police in the same sentence, people usually think of police deviance, police corruption, misconducts such as drug and alcohol abuse, sexual violence, domestic disputes, and violence within families. Most common subjects people most associate with police ethics is police brutality, police deception, and abuse of their authority. Police officers in the UnitedRead MorePolice Misconduct And Brutality Of Police Officers1165 Words   |  5 Pagesstructured police forces across the United States corruption, misconduct, and claims of brutality by police officers has been a problem. Police officers who were sworn to protect and serve the people of their communities have been instilled with authority over people. Throughout history anyone having some type of power or absolute authority over another has created controversy. This paper will look into the statements and details of concern s dealing with police corruption, misconduct, and brutality of policeRead MorePolice Officer And The Criminal Justice System Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you hear the words ‘police officer’, what is the first thing that comes to mind? The people that protect us from the bad guys, right? Well, that might be the stereotypical answer, but is that really what we all think? Most would agree that in today s society, the words do not have the same positive correlation anymore. It is actually almost the complete opposite. Police officers and others in the criminal justice system have created a poor reputation for themselves from the actions they haveRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Police Brutality1561 Words   |  7 Pageshas been an overwhelming amount of police brutality in recent years. Police brutality can be defined as, when a police officer uses more force than necessary. This issue has spread throughout the United States of America, and is putting the lives of our citizens in great danger. Police brutality is not only physical, but it can also be verbal attacks; and, in most cases, it is caused by false arrest and racial profiling due to police corruption. Police brutality has been and continues to be a majorRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Policing824 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation† (Merriam-Webster Online). This concept is prevalent in the world of police work since police officers are supposed to be the â€Å"good† in whatever is considered a â€Å"bad† situation. Many police departments offer training in ethics during the time in which a cadet is in the police academy and after officers are put on the streets, which is called in-service training. It is the hope that while this training is available to officersRead MoreCrime: Police Brutality and Conclusion A. 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Analysis of Retail Market free essay sample

Larger businesses in retail are generally more profitable than smaller businesses with many of the largest businesses historically among the most profitable in the economy. The larger retailers in Australia would appear to have enjoyed better returns on capital than their overseas counterparts and have continued to do so since the global financial crisis. Growth in retail sales has been slow in recent years. While short term or cyclical factors have contributed to this slowdown, the growth of retail sales has experienced a long term slowdown due to changes in consumer buying habits. Consumers are choosing to spend a smaller share of their income on retail goods because over the recent past, they are saving more and they are spending greater shares of their expenditure on services such as finance, rent and education. Further, while there has been price deflation in some sub-categories of retail, overall, sales volumes have continued to grow. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Retail Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The level of productivity in the Australian retail industry is low compared to retail in other countries in Europe and North America. However, the growth rate of productivity in retail, over the past two decades, has been similar to the average rate for all industries in Australia. Retailers have achieved productivity growth by increasing the capital intensity of their operations, including through adopting information and communications technology. Furthermore, investments in big box retailing have also been a factor. These changes occurred earlier in the US, and since then, US retailers have continued to achieve productivity growth by improving management and operations to make more effective use of labour and capital. These opportunities appear yet to be fully realised by most Australian retailers. A snapshot of the retail industry Retailing makes a significant contribution to the economy The retail industry is one of Australia’s largest employers. Currently, there are almost 140 000 retail businesses employing about 1. 2 million people or 10. 7 per cent of the total working population. Together, retail workers earn about $32 billion in wages and salaries each year, or 6 per cent of the economy’s total. The retail industry also makes a significant contribution to economic output, contributing $55 billion or over 4 per cent of GDP each year. However, it is a relatively small contributor to investment (table 3. 1). Table 3. 1 The contribution of Australian retail trade 2009-10a Retail trade Gross value added ($m) Employment (‘000s) Wages and salaries ($m) Investment ($m) Capital stock ($m) Number of businesses (end 2008-09) a Includes motor vehicles parts and fuel retailing. Source: ABS (Australian System of National Accounts: gross fixed capital formation and capital stock, Cat. no. 5204. 0; Labour Force, Australia, Cat. no. 6291. 0, Counts of Australian Businesses, Cat. no. 8165. 0).

The Idea of Political Realism in the International Relations

Introduction When speaking about international relations, one is to keep in mind that in this aspect the key notion is considered to be the idea of political realism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Political Realism in the International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They say that political realism is mostly associated with liberalism. As far as national politics seems to be based on the authority of law, the characteristic feature of an international politics seems to be injustice, as different states have different views concerning the same ethical norms or standards. When speaking about the roots of the realist tradition, it becomes obvious that at different times the basic points of politics were interpreted differently. For instance, one of the most well-known political theorists Thucydides considered politics as a branch which main aim was to resolve certain moral issues. However, t here is a need to point out that the ideas of famous classical political theorist impacted on general features of realism in international relations. Thus, human nature is recognized to be one of the most important points in realism. Nonrecognition of authority seems to be a determinant factor of the outcomes of international politics. So, ‘The lack of a common rule-making and enforcing authority means, they argue, that the international arena is essentially a self-help system. Each state is responsible for its own survival and is free to define its own interests’1. Security as one of the basic issues and the relevance of morality are also recognized to be important elements of realism in international politics. International Relations: Conventions and Challenges When speaking about conventions and challenges in international relations, one is to keep in mind that it is conceptual introduction of global politics, which is to be considered. The most important events of t he 20th century are also to be touched on.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, it is necessary to remember World War I and World War II, Cold War between the USA and USSR, the appearance of the United Nations and global political economy formation. The above-mentioned events are the primary events the world experienced. Of course, these events impacted on the development of global economy as well as international relations. International relations consist of numerous spheres, including diplomatic, political and educational relations. When speaking about the effects of global communication, which seems to be an integral part of international relations, one is to keep in mind that broad challenges took place. For instance, cultural, economical and technological boundaries were expanded, ‘Economically, separate industries that had developed around each of these tech nologies are combining to service the new multimedia environment through a series of corporate mergers and alliances. Politically, global communication is undermining the traditional boundaries and sovereignties of nations’2. Film industry, computer technologies, photography and many other fields appeared. Marxism, realism, liberalism, postmodernism, and communitarianism were the most widespread schools of the so-called international relations theory. The central objects of international relations were the states, as ‘States decide to go to war. They erect trade barriers. They choose whether and at what level to establish environmental standards. States enter international agreements, or not, and choose whether to abide by their provisions’3. The states are to ‘implement relevant international Conventions, including the harmonization of their domestic legislation with those Conventions, and conclusion of mutual judicial assistance and extradition agreements ’4.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Political Realism in the International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most serious global or international challenges include transmitting diseases, climatic changes, hunger, ecological problems, pollutions, etc. The most important International Conventions which were held include ‘an International Conventions for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism and an International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings’5. The Conclusion Still, when speaking about communication technologies on the military arena, it becomes obvious what effects of global communication are. For instance, in 550 BC communication and control systems included postal system equipped by relay stations with fresh horseman (Persian Empire); in 500 BC there was postal system manned wazzu by postal runner (Chinese Empire). In 350 BC voice and fi re signaling were known (Greek Empire); BC – 476 AD road system from center to peripheries appeared (Roman Empire); in 632 – 1259 AD surface mail by horses and airmail by wazzu pigeon carriers appeared (Islamic Empires). In 1500-1970 print was known (European Empires); 1844-1914 telegraph appeared (British Empire); 1900-1945 radio broadcasting was invented (Competing Empires); 1945-1989, TV, satellites, computers, and the Internet appeared (Bipolar System); 1989 – present Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), Cyborgs appeared (Globalist System). Generally, global challenges facing humanity include sustainable development and climate change, clean water, population and resources, democratization, long-term perspectives, global convergence of IT, rich-poor gap, health issues, capacity to decide, peace and conflict, status of women, transnational organized crime, energy, science and technology, and global ethics6.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They say that, ‘Smart chemists. Innovative thinking. That’s the key to solving global challenges of the 21st Century’7. Bibliography Global Challenges/Chemistry Solutions. n.d., retrieved  http://jennadavis.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/CNBP_025823.pdf Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes. Draft  Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism. Center for  Nonproliferation Studies, 2010. Retrieved  http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/intlterr.pdf Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes. International  Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings. Center for  Nonproliferation Studies, 2010. Retrieved  http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/bomb.pdf Korab-Karpowicz, J. Political Realism in International Relations. Stanford: Stanford  Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010, p. 1. Retrieved  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/ Lake, D. The State and Internationa l Relations , n.d., p. 1. Retrieved  http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeOxfordStateessayreview.pdf Tehranian, M. Clobal Communication and International Relations. The International  Journal of Peace Studies, 1996, p. 1. Retrieved  http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_1/Techrenian.htm The Millennium Project. Global Challenges for Humanity. 2010, retrieved  http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/challenges.html Footnotes 1 J Korab-Karpowicz, Political Realism in International Relations. Stanford: Stanford  Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010, p. 1. 2 M Tehranian, Clobal Communication and International Relations. The International  Journal of Peace Studies, 1996, p. 1 3 D Lake, The State and International Relations , n.d., p. 1 4 Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes. Draft  Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism. Center for  Nonproliferation Studies, 2010 5 Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizat ions and Regimes. International  Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings. Center for  Nonproliferation Studies, 2010 6 The Millennium Project. Global Challenges for Humanity. 2010, retrieved  http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/challenges.html 7 Global Challenges/Chemistry Solutions. n.d., retrieved  http://jennadavis.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/CNBP_025823.pdf This essay on The Idea of Political Realism in the International Relations was written and submitted by user Mohamed M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.